Hummingbird (1967)

Hummingbird is one of the earliest computeranimated films by the artist and programmer Charles Csuri Aside from creating pioneering computer graphics systems Csuri is recognized for introducing figuration into the language of computer graphics which was often seen even by artists as a tool for visualizing abstract mathematical formulations While Hummingbird creates a picture of its titular animal the hummingbirds ultimate abstract annihilation also points to the compatibility between abstraction and figuration allowed by computer animation To make the film over 30000 individual images generated by a computer were drawn directly on film using a microfilm plotter Each frame was programmed using one punch card an example of the complex and laborintensive operations required by early computer animation The prelude to Hummingbird provides an overview of the way in which the film was madea useful primer for much computergenerated art of the time